Source library
44 sources cited across GAREP. Each lists the date we last confirmed the link and that it supports what we cite it for.
Government and public health agencies
- Understanding Alcohol Use Disorder
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH
Verified October 18, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
Note: Priority statements checked against official page: withdrawal risk and categories of ongoing care. Not clinical approval.
- 5 Things to Know About Naloxone
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2024-05-02
Verified October 18, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
Note: Official page checked for overdose signs, naloxone and emergency response. Qualified clinical review remains required.
- Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIH, 2020 (online edition)
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
Note: URL confirmed in search index; NIDA disallows automated fetching, so a human should re-read the page against cited claims.
- Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: Drugs and the Brain
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIH
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Understanding Drug Use and Addiction DrugFacts
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIH
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
Note: URL confirmed in search index; NIDA disallows automated fetching. Genetic-risk estimate flagged for human re-check in CLINICAL-REVIEW-QUEUE.
- Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General's Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2016-11
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
- Co-Occurring Disorders and Health Conditions
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIH
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Substance Use and Co-Occurring Mental Disorders
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Co-Occurring Disorders
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
- Gambling — Fact sheet
World Health Organization, 2024-12-02
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Addictive behaviour — Health topic
World Health Organization
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Rethinking Drinking: Professional support
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Fentanyl Facts
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
- Fentanyl — Overdose Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
- Lifesaving Naloxone
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
- FDA Approves First Over-the-Counter Naloxone Nasal Spray
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2023-03-29
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
- Preventing Opioid Overdose
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
- Methamphetamine
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIH
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Methamphetamine Research Report: What treatments are effective for people who misuse methamphetamine?
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIH
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- FDA requiring Boxed Warning updated to improve safe use of benzodiazepine drug class
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2020-09-23
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
- Understanding Your Risk for Cannabis Use Disorder
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
- Cannabis (Marijuana) Research Report: Is marijuana addictive?
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIH
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Talk to an Expert
Smokefree.gov (National Cancer Institute)
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
- Five Reasons Why Calling a Quitline Can Be Key to Your Success
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
- SAMHSA's National Helpline
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
- FindTreatment.gov
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
- The Poison Help Line
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
Clinical guidelines
- TIP 63: Medications for Opioid Use Disorder
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2018 (updated editions since)
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
Systematic and narrative reviews
- Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction
Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT — New England Journal of Medicine, 2016-01-28 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMra1511480
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Drug Dependence, a Chronic Medical Illness: Implications for Treatment, Insurance, and Outcomes Evaluation
McLellan AT, Lewis DC, O'Brien CP, Kleber HD — JAMA, 2000-10-04 · DOI 10.1001/jama.284.13.1689
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Liking, Wanting, and the Incentive-Sensitization Theory of Addiction
Berridge KC, Robinson TE — American Psychologist, 2016-11 · DOI 10.1037/amp0000059
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programs for alcohol use disorder
Kelly JF, Humphreys K, Ferri M — Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020-03-11 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Psychological therapies for pathological and problem gambling
Cowlishaw S, Merkouris S, Dowling N, et al. — Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012-11-14 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD008937.pub2
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
Note: Older review; still the reference Cochrane synthesis. Evidence for long-term outcomes is limited.
- Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: mechanisms, manifestations, and management
Jesse S, Bråthen G, Ferrara M, et al. — Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 2017-01 · DOI 10.1111/ane.12671
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
Individual studies
- Gambling near-misses enhance motivation to gamble and recruit win-related brain circuitry
Clark L, Lawrence AJ, Astley-Jones F, Gray N — Neuron, 2009-02-12 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.031
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Contingency Management for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Use Disorders
Roll JM, Petry NM, Stitzer ML, et al. — American Journal of Psychiatry, 2006-11 · DOI 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1993
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Bupropion and Naltrexone in Methamphetamine Use Disorder (ADAPT-2)
Trivedi MH, Walker R, Ling W, et al. — New England Journal of Medicine, 2021-01-14 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2020214
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
Note: Single randomized trial; response rates were modest. Not an FDA-approved indication.
Diagnostic classification
- Gaming disorder — Frequently asked questions
World Health Organization
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Addictive behaviours: Gaming disorder (Q&A)
World Health Organization
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
Specialist organizations and services
- National Problem Gambling Helpline
National Council on Problem Gambling (NCPG)
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
- 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline — Get help
988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: US
Medical reference
- Alcohol withdrawal — MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
U.S. National Library of Medicine
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions
- Delirium tremens — MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
U.S. National Library of Medicine
Verified October 17, 2026 · Applies to: all regions